Precise current-sensing front-ends are essential in many bioelectronic and electrochemical sensing applications. These systems often have stringent requirements for low noise and high bandwidth performance. Low noise is essential to ensure high sensitivity, while wide bandwidth is required to capture rapidly changing AC signals.

Traditionally, resistive transimpedance amplifiers (R-TIAs) have been the solution for achieving low noise and wide bandwidth in current-sensing front-ends. However, R-TIAs rely on large feedback resistors to maintain low noise, which are difficult to implement in integrated circuits. As an alternative, capacitive TIAs (C-TIAs) have been implemented to overcome some of the limitations of R-TIAs. However, conventional C-TIAs require costly analog blocks such as an analog differentiator and a DC servo loop. In response to these challenges, the recently proposed MS-TIA architecture offers a more efficient solution by moving more of the signal processing from the analog to the digital domain.